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2022 American Coatings Conference: Technical Highlights

[…] agents are also low molecular weight and can’t meet the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency ( EPA) definition of a low-risk polymer under the Toxic Substances Control Act (TSCA), which in turn brings considerable risk to the registration process for a new molecule due to the significant time and cost for required testing. EPA uses quantitative structure-activity relationships to model potential ecotoxicity behavior, and has a publicly available model (EPI Suite™) that can be downloaded from its website and used to understand how the EPA might view the risk profile of a new substance in absence of data. The project team utilized the modeling to predict the ecotoxicity of “paper” molecules, and along with their understanding of structural requirements for dynamic wetting and low foam, drive the development process and minimize the amount of ecotoxicity testing needed. In a pre-concept stage, the team identified nine chemical classes which they predicted to perform well as low-foam dynamic wetting agents. Using the models in EPI-Suite to predict aquatic ecotoxicity and biodegradability, they were able to narrow the choices to three chemical classes: thioethers, hydroxythioethers, and N,N-dialkylglucamines. Examples were prepared and then all components present at > 1% were identified, and EPI Suite was used to predict their environmental, health, and safety profile. Meier explained that after further fine tuning for performance, the two leading candidates created by the benign-by-design process, a thioether and hxdroxythioether, were ushered through the registration process quickly and efficiently. Functional Coatings Another key trend in coatings technology has been the development of coatings with functionality beyond the typical protective and aesthetic properties of paints and coatings. For example, functional coatings that provide enhanced haptics, self-healing, thermal insulation, and anti-microbial properties are available. The topic of functional coatings was well represented at the conference, with a full-day session devoted to the subject. A discussion on coatings capable of removing formaldehyde from the air in a building was presented by Mark Langille of Angus Chemical Company in the presentation, “Creating functional coatings with formaldehyde-scavenging additives.” Formaldehyde has been identified as a key chemical species that negatively affects indoor air quality, and which has detrimental effects on human health. As Langille explained, there are many sources of formaldehyde, such as cigarette smoke, particle board used in furniture, and carpeting. A French study was cited that showed that formaldehyde is a high concentration contaminant of indoor air, and the World Health Organization has set a threshold where a formaldehyde level above 80 ppb (100ug/m3) is considered contaminated air. Tris(hydroxymethyl)aminomethane (TRIS AMINO™), an aminoalcohol additive, was evaluated as an additive for paints and coatings which have the ability to react with airborne formaldehyde and remove it as an indoor air contaminant. The reaction of TRIS-AMINO with two equivalents of formaldehyde proceeds through a mono-oxazolidine to eventually produce a bis-oxazolidine and water (Figure 3). Although the reactions are reversible, harsh conditions (i.e., acid) are needed to regenerate the starting materials, and under ordinary circumstances the oxazolidine products are quite stable. TRIS AMINO was incorporated into a model architectural paint formulation at levels of 0 to 0.8% on total formulation weight, and dried paint films were evaluated according to the method of ISO 16000-23 to demonstrate the ability to remove formaldehyde. Coated panels were placed in a chamber and air containing formaldehyde (at 80 ppb) was circulated through the chamber, and formaldehyde concentration was measured for air exiting the chamber. Without a scavenger, only 0 to 10% of the formaldehyde is removed from the air after 21 days, while approximately 50% is removed by the sample containing TRIS AMINO. Other paint properties were similar to the control with no additive. Andrew Bartlett of Chromaflo Technologies examined bringing the functionality of electrical conductivity to coatings in the presentation, “The use of single-walled carbon nanotubes in coatings colorants.” Nanoparticles can be difficult to handle and disperse in a manufacturing environment, and Bartlett explained how Chromaflo Technologies has created single-walled carbon nanotube (SWCNT) dispersions to take the potential issues of handling and dispersing SWCNTs out of the paint manufacturer’s facilities. The SWCNT dispersions are already used in thermoset applications, and studies were initiated to understand their potential utility in paints and coatings. For waterborne coatings, the addition of SWCNTs to phthalo green and bismuth vanadate colorants was investigated, with levels of 0, 40, 400, and 657 ppm for the phthalo green colorant, and 0, 40, and 400 ppm for the bismuth vanadate colorant. Coatings with electrical resistance in the range to allow static dissipation could be achieved at 400 ppm and above, but electrical resistance was not quite low enough for the coatings to be considered conductive. Color is sacrificed at the higher levels of SWCNT, i.e., the color becomes darker. However, a comparison with carbon black at the same 400 ppm in the yellow bismuth vanadate colorant shows that the carbon black causes much more darkening compared to the SWCNT. In a solventborne acrylic clear base, addition of 400 ppm SWCNT achieved conductivity, but was lost on addition of phthalo green colorant. Bartlett proposed a few possible reasons why the clear base with only SWCNT was conductive while the pigmented base was not, including interactions of dispersants with the SWCNT, steric interference of the SWCNT conductive pathway by the pigments, and possible affinity of the SWCNT for the pigment surface. Further study with inorganic pigments (red iron oxide and TiO2 ) and an alternative additive package demonstrated the ability for pigmented bases to remain conductive. Overall, Bartlett stressed that these were early studies, and more work needs to be done. However, the initial results show promise that color spaces with conductivity can be achieved by using SWCNT dispersions. In another interesting presentation on functional coatings, a unique anti-microbial additive was discussed by Avantika Golas of Corning Incorporated. The paper, “Key considerations for functional virucidal paints,” described the use on a novel copper-glass ceramic additive as a sustainable delivery system for Cu+1 ions with high anti-microbial efficacy. Golas first described how surfaces facilitate the spread of microbes through both indirect contact (touching a previously contaminated surface) and aerosol spread, and that spread can be very fast. As an example, it has been shown that a contaminated surface can lead to spread throughout a building within 2 to 4 hours. Disinfection techniques, such as liquid spray, are prone to errors (surfaces missed during cleaning) and are episodic in nature, while contamination occurs constantly. Therefore, surfaces with residual efficacy can provide an additional layer of protection. Golas noted how testing of products claiming to be bactericidal and virucidal needs to be conducted to simulate realistic environmental conditions and contamination. Wet testing has strong incumbency, and uses test conditions at elevated temperature (37 °C) and humidity (>95% RH). However, there is a slow trend towards regulatory adoption of dry test standards, which are done at room temperature (20-24 °C) and ambient humidity (40-50% RH). To pass the dry test conditions, a truly bactericidal/virucidal product must demonstrate a > 3 log kill of microbes on the surface within 2 hours, i.e., greater than 99.9% […]

Radiation-Cured Coatings: UV Today, LED Tomorrow

[…] mandating cleaner technologies. In the United States, on the other hand, she notes that newer EPA regulations implemented under the Trump administration may see greater flexibility. Lewis also believes that […]